Read the passage carefully and give the answer of following questions.

Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to fulfil even its basic necessities of life. When a substantial segment of the society is deprived of the minimum level of living and continues at a bare subsistence level, that society is said to be plagued with mass poverty. The countries of the third world exhibit invariably the existence of mass poverty, although pockets of poverty exist even in the developed countries of Europe and America.

Attempts have been made in all societies to define poverty, but all of them are conditioned by the vision of minimum or good life obtaining in society. For instance, the concept of the poverty in the U.S.A. would be significantly different from that in India because the average man is able to afford a much higher level of living in the United States. There is an effort in all definitions of poverty to approach the average level of living in a society and as such these definitions reflect the coexistence of inequalities in a society and the extent to which different societies are prepared to tolerate them. For instance, inn India, the generally accepted definition of poverty emphasizes minimum level of living rather than a reasonable level of living. This attitude is borne out of a realization that it would not be possible to provide even a minimum quantum of basic needs for some decades and therefore, to talk about a reasonable level of living or good life may appear to be wishful thinking at the present stage. Thus, political considerations enter the definitions of poverty because programmes of alleviating poverty may become prohibitive as the vision of a good life widens.

What do all definitions of poverty do?

Direction: In these question, you have brief passages with five questions following the passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.

From flying all the way from London to Mumbai's Aurora theatre to giving free auto rides to those who want to watch Kabali on its release day - Rajinikanth's fans are yet again out to prove why the superstar fandom is beyond comprehension. As the release of his Kabali nears, the buzz around the film is palpable. The sixty-five-year-old actor's hardcore fans, from different walks of life, are stoked about the first day first show (FDFS) experience.

"Some people might think we are crazy, but they won't understand our love for Thalaivar. If you're not watching the first show of a Rajinikanth starrer on release day, you're breaking a tradition," says twenty-five years old auto driver Vinek Pandey.

On July 22, when Kabali will hit the screens, the auto driver with his family will be watching the earliest show of the film in the city.

Bengaluru-based twenty-three years old techie turned-film critic much popular on social media AshKay Shahrukh will be watching Kabali with random strangers he invited via a Facebook post. "The only common factor between all of us is our love for Rajinikanth. In an open post on Facebook, I've invited genuine Thalaivar fans whom I've never met to join me to watch the film FDFS," said Shahrukh, who will also be reuniting with his schoolmates to watch the film.

"In 2007, a large group of us from school watched Sivaji. Seven of us from that group will be reuniting to watch Kabali. I've applied for leave from work and my boss is upset that I've motivated a few others to take leave too," he added.

"His films come once in two years, so it's totally worth it," said Syed Iftequar, a sixty-two years old enthusiast, who works in a managerial position. "I've already blocked tickets for the FDFS in Chennai. My friends from Mumbai and Hyderabad are flying down to watch the film. It's good to be watching 'Kabali' at a place where it's celebrated the way it's supposed to be," he said. Kabali also stars Radhika Apte as Rajinikanth's love interest.

The best suitable place to watch 'Kabali' according to an admirer in the passage is

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow.
Design has manifold applications and usages ranging from the most obvious or surface-level usages to the subtler and indirect usages that have far-reaching and deeper impact. The significance of design lies in its ability to fulfil these demands, whether aesthetic, teleological or semiotic. By aesthetics, it is broadly understood as its sensory and beauty values, i.e. Concerned with the judgment of visual taste, here it is meant as the sensory appreciation of graphic design. While by functionality is meant the practical aspects of a given graphic design such as usability, communicability, readability and making an impact. Its efficiency lies in its ability to do so. Design has function as well as some purpose. In theoretical terms the ability of design to fulfil the function or purpose is called ‘teleology’ of design. Apart from the above two, there is one more aspect of design called ‘content’ or meaning of design that can be broadly called as semiotic value of design. A simple discussion might elaborate this case. Food has taste that caters to our taste buds which is a sensory quality of food. Sometimes the colour of food is attractive therefore we like it and probably other times we get attracted towards it because it is presented in an appealing manner. Aroma, taste and decoration or garnishing cater to our sensory expectations. Food also has nutritional value that is concerned with supplying energy to the body that helps in its overall physical growth and maintenance of general health and work efficiency and at times such food may not be visually attractive. This is the teleological significance. Now if the food is cooked by a mother, sister or wife, then it has a special meaning and a highly personal significance attached to it. It may not be very nutritious or properly garnished, still the food will have its own unique significance which is the semiotic value of the food. 

The ability of a design to fulfil the purpose is called:

Directions :Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions. Certain parts have been highlighted to help answer the questions.
  Every year, around one million people die of mosquitoborne diseases according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This is why mosquitoes are considered one of the deadliest living creatures on the planet — not because they are lethal themselves, but because many of the viruses and parasites they transmit are
 In the absence of an effective vaccine for dengue fever, Zika fever, chikungunya and other mosquito-borne diseases, researchers have developed genetic strategies to reduce mosquito populations. One such strategy involves the release into the wild of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes that express a lethal gene — a strategy believed to have little impact on the overall DNA of wild populations of mosquitoes
 The transfer of new genes from GM organisms to wild or domesticated non-GM populations is a key criticism of GM crops like soybean and corn. There are concerns that the introduction of GM genes into non-target species could have negative consequences for both human and environmental health.
 Oxitec, a company that spun out of research at Oxford University in the early 2000s, developed and trademarked GM Friendly™ mosquitoes (also known as strain OX513A of Aedes aegypti). These male GM mosquitoes have what the company describes as a “self-limiting” gene, which means that when these so-called friendly mosquitoes’ mate, their offspring inherit the self-limiting gene which is supposed to prevent them surviving into adulthood.
 In theory, when these mosquitoes are released in high numbers, a dramatic reduction in the mosquito population should follow. According to research published by Oxitec researchers in 2015, field trials involving recurring releases of Friendly™ mosquitoes demonstrated a reduction of nearly 95 per cent of target populations in Brazil. In these field trials, experiments were not performed to assess whether GM mosquitoes might persist in the wild.
 A recent study from the Powell lab at Yale University has since confirmed that some of the offspring of the GM mosquitoes didn’t succumb to the self-limiting lethal gene and survived to adulthood. They were able to breed with native mosquitoes and thereby introduce some of their genes into the wild population
 Meanwhile, the impact of mosquitoes carrying these new genes remains largely unknown. One significant worry is that a new breed of mosquito might emerge that is more difficult to control. These new genes could also potentially alter evolutionary pressures on viruses carried by mosquitoes, like dengue fever, in unpredictable ways. This includes potentially increasing their virulence or changing their host-insect interactions. These are hypothetical risks that have been raised by scientists, and reflect the need for further study.

What is the desired effect of releasing GM mosquitoes containing the ‘Self-limiting Gene’?

A passage is given with 5 Questions following it. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives and click the button corresponding to it.

The public distribution system, which provides food at low prices, is a subject of vital concern. There is a growing realization that though India has enough food to feed its masses two square meals a day, the monster of starvation and food insecurity continues to haunt the poor in our country. Increasing the purchasing power of the poor through providing productive employment leading to rising income, and thus good standard of living, is the ultimate objective of public policy. However, till then, there is a need to provide assured supply of food through a restructured, more efficient and decentralized public distribution system (PDS). Although the PDS is extensive world – it hasn't reached the rural poor and the remote places. It remains an urban phenomenon, with the majority of the rural poor still out of its reach due to lack of economic and physical access. The poorest in the cities and the migrants are left out, for they generally do not possess ration cards. The allocation of PDS supplies in big cities is larger than in rural areas. In view of such deficiencies in the system, the PDS urgently needs to be streamlined. Also, considering the large it is one of the largest such systems in the food grains production combined with food subsidy on one hand and the continuing slow starvation and dismal poverty of rural population on the other, there is a strong case for making PDS target group oriented. By making PDS target group oriented, not only the poorest and the neediest would be reached without additional cost but we can also reduce the overall costs incurred. 

What, according to the passage, would be the rationale of making the PDS target-group oriented? 

Read the following passage carefully and give the answer of following questions.

Art both reflects and interprets the notion that produced it. Portraiture was the dominant theme of British painting up to the end of the eighteenth century because of a persistent demand for it. It would be unfair to say that human vanity and pride of possessions were the only reasons for this persistent demand, but certainly these motives played their part in shaping the course of British painting. Generally speaking, it is the artist's enthusiasm that accounts for the vitality of the picture, but it is the client who dictates its subject-matter. The history of national enthusiasms can be pretty accurately estimated by examining the subject-matter of a nation's art.
 There is one type of subject which recurs again and again in British painting of the late eighteenth century and the jart half of the nineteenth and which is hardly met with in the jart of any other country ---- the sporting picture, or rather the picture in which a love of outdoor life is directed into the channel of sport. The sporting picture is really an extension of the conversation piece. In it the emphasis is even more firmly based on the descriptive side of painting. It made severe demands on the artist and it must be-confessed that painters capable of satisfying these demands were rare. The ability to paint a reasonably convincing landscape is not often combined with the necessary knowledge of horses and dogs in movement and the power to introduce a portrait when necessary. To weld such diverse elements into a satisfactory aesthetic unity requires exceptional ability. It is not surprising, therefore, that while sporting pictures abound in England, especially in the private collections of country squires, not many of them are of real importance as works of art. What makes the sporting picture worth noting in, a history of British painting is the fact that it is as truly indigenous and as truly popular a form of art in England as was the religious ikon in Russia.

The vitality of the picture depends on

Read the following passage carefully and give answer the following questions.
Two hundred years after Malthus predicted that population growth would overtake food production by a margin of 256 to 9, the simple fact is that food production had always been ahead of the population growth. Malthus’ doomsday prediction simply did not come true due to two major reasons: first, population did not grow geometrically and birth rates in all Western countries fell during the 20- Century, resulting in very slow population growth. Over the past quarter century, birth rates have been falling in the developing countries too. Second, modern agricultural practices and better irrigation have resulted in tremendous growth in food production in almost all parts of the globe, with the notable exception of sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, at the global level, the Malthusian doomsday never befell on us.
India’s population grew by about two and a half times in the past 45 years — from 361 million in 1951 to an estimated 916 million in 1995. But during the same period, India’s food grain production grew by nearly four times — from 51 million tonnes in 1951 to 191 million tonnes in 1995. As a result, the per capita food grain availability in India has gone up considerably since the Independence. That is, the Malthusian prediction has not come true even in India.

In the past forty-five years, India’s population has grown about

Read the following passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the five given alternatives.

Almost everybody allows himself or herself or herself some entirely unjustifiable generalizations on the subject of women. Married men, when they generalize on that subject, judge by their wives; women judge by themselves. It would be amusing to write a history of the views of men on women.

In antiquity, when male supremacy was unquestioned and Christian ethics were still unknown, women were harmless, rather silly, and a man who took them seriously was somewhat despised.

Plato’s great objection to the drama was that the playwright had to imitate women in creating his female roles. With the coming of Christianity, the woman took on a new part, that of the temptress; but at the same time, she was also found capable of being a saint.

Some unjustifiable generalizations are made on